INTRODUCTION

The whole circuit around a microprocessor based computer, is called a microcomputer. A microcomputer microprocessor, I / O and memory units, according to technology and applications are constantly changing. Today, microprocessors are used in most computers. In line with the development of technology that was previously outside of the whole circuit microprocessor, many I / O and memory sub-units, the CPU has moved on.

Produced in the 1978/1979 year 8086/8088 at the start of the 80286, 80386, 80486th, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium MMX, Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV microprocessors a wide range of products with the Intel x86 microprocessor family, the most successful microprocessor in history family has. Several factors have been involved therein, but the biggest reason, no doubt, in 1981 the first IBM PC in 8088 the company has been selected microcontroller. Since then, IBM and many companies are using these processors for PCs. Widely used PCs in the world, has become the biggest causes of the success of these processors.

Intel X86 Architecture

Microprocessors varies according to the architectural structure. Have a common architecture processors, known for commands, the same programs can run. A microprocessor is familiar commands, namely the most basic features of instruction set architecture is one of the microprocessor. Another important architectural feature is a set of the microcontroller’s internal recorder. Recorders, microprocessor during operation, the temporary data is stored are memory cells. These memory cells are within the processor. Has a different set of commands and recording each other’s programs microprocessors usually can not work.

Today’s most popular microprocessor architecture is the Intel x86 architecture belongs to the family. Widely used therein IBM has played a large role PCs. Intel x86 processors, PCs, and also a very widely used in many electronic products, this family, industry and education has brought a very important position.

This family produced in 1978, the first processor 8086 ‘is. That the present times, x86 processors showed a significant change. Which are important milestones of this family processors, respectively are: 8086/8088, 80286, 80386, 80486th, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium MMX, Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV processors are.

Today, microprocessor and microcontroller, many companies are generating large and small. One of the most important ones, are the companies Intel and Motorola. Intel x86 family of companies attracted the locomotive, although today other than Intel x86 microprocessor, producing, AMD, Cyrix, and Rise Centour are companies like Tecnology.

Intel x86 family, except some of the other important microprocessor architecture are as follows: Modern Macintosh ‘s, including the Power PC, old Macs with 680×0 series, Digital and Compact’?n powerful machines used in the Alpha family, Sun’s SPARC processors companies, Silicon Graphics’ MIPS RX000 series, HP as PARISC important architectural model can be considered. None of this architecture among themselves and also is not compatible with x86.

Development of the Intel family

Intel company in 1968, was established to make the memory integrated circuits. Produced a calculator integrated circuits for the CPU are requesting, calculator produces a firm’s demand, and still produce a terminal a custom integrated circuit that you want, in other companies they want to meet, Intel company 4004 (1971) and 8008 (1972) CPU anyhow generated .

The most basic measure classification Microprocessors and microcomputers, microprocessor integrated circuits that operate on the longest number of bits of data, that is the word length. 4-bit processor with 8-bit processor 4004 and 8008 from the beginning, for microprocessors and microcomputers, 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit data, such as length standards was born.

Intel, the first customer of someone else’s, 4004 and 8008 did not predict they would show interest in integrated circuit production lines has kept a low capacity. However, contrary to forecasts, these integrated circuits are very great interest. This results in 8008 and also exceeded the limit to 16 KB of memory, Intel company in 1974 and has produced general-purpose CPU 8080. Suddenly a huge demand for these integrated circuits are now in a short time and 8080, became the industry standard 8-bit microprocessor. Intel, two years later in 1976 with an enhanced 8080 processor was released 8085.

Intel in 1978, the first 16-bit microprocessor, the 8086 ‘s has produced. 8086 in some aspects similar to the previous 8080/8085 products, although with two processors were not compatible with each other. One year later, in 1979 produced, 8086 ‘s 8-bit bus with version, 8088, in 1981 produced the IBM PC micro-computer, the first processor has. Soon the industry’s standard 16-bit microprocessor 8086/8088, with many products, extending to the present day x86 microprocessor family, called family was the core.

In later years other x86 family of products, 80186/80188 and 80286th produced. 80186th processor 8086 ‘s on the integrated circuit is the version with a variety of peripherals. 80188th processor, the processor 80186th is an 8-bit bus. In the design of more peripheral processors typically do not want a constant programming 80186/80188, located in control applications, such as the microcontroller is intended to be used. However, these two processors are not widely used.

Application types divided into classes according to Intel microprocessors, the processors have started 80186/80188 and 8048/8051.

Processors with 1 MB memory address space is limited to 8086/8088, the mid-1980s towards a serious problem for most applications to be started. That’s why Intel, x86-compatible version of an upper core processor has generated the 80286th. This processor, 16 MB address space with the basis used to provide the 8086/8088 instruction set. 80286, IBM PC / AT and mid-model PS / 2 computer was used in 8088 and earlier won a great success like.

The next step for Intel in 1985 produced a true 32-bit CPU on the integrated circuit was the 80386DX. Widely used as 80286th these microprocessors. In 1988, an external 16-bit bus with 80386SX processor produced.

80486th, 80386, was a top-line model. All programs 80386th, 80486th machine will run without a change in. This basic difference between the two processors, 80486th ‘s 80386th’ s features, in addition, an auxiliary processor, the floating-point unit (FPU), 8 KB caches (cache) and a memory management unit having an integrated circuit is on. Also a 80486th, 80386 is much faster than.

Pentium released in 1993, the basic architecture of a microprocessor as not very different from Intel’s produced in almost every 2-3 years is a new x86 processor. This structure IA-32 (Intel Architecture-32) as starting with the 80386/80486 is an extension of 32-bit architecture. In 1993, the rates increased after the Pentium processor, the cache structures have changed them and increased capacity. In some integrated circuits for multimedia support in some of the commands is provided. In addition, the new Pentium architecture, further advanced, there are detailed differences. All these differences notwithstanding, in 1978, starting from 8086/8088 the x86 processor core, in this processor are also available. The new processors will work on the compatibility of old programs for the development of this architecture, Intel’s entire x86 processors is provided.

X86 Pentium processor family with the length of the bus was 64-bit. Intel, Pentium and RISC superscalar architecture, which is one of the architectural design concept was to use. Pentium at the same time in one hour, two on-line integer unit and one of two command-line job at one floating point unit FPU command can be executed. Another unit, the branch prediction hardware RISC architecture, structure, JUMP and CALL commands work by providing the branch significant performance increases when earnings. These processors also important as affecting the performance of the executive over the first-level integrated circuit (L1) in separate 8 KB code and 8 KB data cache is located.

Pentium Pro 8086/8088, 80286, 80386, and Pentium processors after the 80486th for the 6th generation, the first rise is an important position with the code name for the P6 architecture has presented adds. P6 architecture as specified by the dynamic execution technologies and multi-branch prediction, data flow analysis and the estimated execution architecture as a basic structure includes three functions. Pentium Pro line of four new address ways to address 36-bit was added. In this way, can be addressed directly address 4 GB 64 GB of space was increased. Company for the first time Intel 256 K, 512 K or 1 MB of L2 cache can be placed on the Pentium Pro processor. Such as the Pentium Pro or Pentium 8 KB’? code, 8 for a total of 16 KB of L1 data cache has KB’?.

Intel company to bring a PC to the DSP feature a technology called MMX, Pentium processors since 1997 began to set. MMX technology for multimedia processing 57 provides one new command.

Intel Pentium II processor, Pentium Pro and MMX technology with the combination produced. This processor has 32 KB (16 KB/16KB) L1 cache provides quick access to data that is used as intense. In addition, the L2 cache memory integrated circuits on 512 KB’tan has begun. Cheaper for Intel PCs and server computers to the market cheap (Celeron) and expensive (xeon) Pentium II-based microprocessor has presented two different. This approach to market products in the later Pentium III and later continued.

Intel Pentium III microprocessor, by the beginning of 1999 has been released. Important innovation that comes with Pentium III, "Internet Streaming SIMD Extensions" is a structure called. With this architecture, advanced image processing, 3D, audio and video applications such as voice recognition can be used 70 one new command added. P6 microarchitecture Pentium III also dynamic execution, multi-branch prediction, data flow analysis and the estimated execution path and multiple-process system includes the Intel MMX technology. Pentium III, PC and Internet services and network access security for the first of the planned building blocks provide the processor serial number.

Everything has been considered for speed Pentium IV. Pentium IV, Intel’s x86 microprocessor fully renovated since 1995.

If you send a compressed file with the php or other codes in it, Gmail may reject the attachment due to security and attachment guidelines. You may receive the following message:

Your message did not reach some or all of the intended recipients.
Subject: Emailing: XXXX.zip Sent: 2/14/2010 1:15 PM
The following recipient(s) could not be reached: ‘XXXX XXXX’ on 2/14/2010 1:15 PM 552 5.7.0 review our attachment guidelines. 20sm5501368iwn.13

It apparently shows that the attachment was sent as a zip file. Gmail is able to check the content of the email if the attachment is compressed in zip format.

The solution of this is to send the same attachment as a rar format. Gmail is not able to check the content of the attachments compressed with WinRAR so, you should have no problem to transmitting the file to the recipient.

Computer security has become an important issue for our lives as a new security breach is being investigated almost everyday. When getting the advices on security, the following guidelines can help you to choose the most reliable information available.

Some of the established websites such as Cnet, MSN and Download.com offers the programs and security tips for the computer security. It is important to check the reviews from the users and choose the top rated products to secure your computers.

Another hint to follow is to check the ownership of the website that you are obtaining the information. This verification let you know whether the website owner/author has the required knowledge for the computer security. For verification, you can check “about” section of the website.

More information on computer security and useful tips, you can check CleanPC.org.

Holidays are one of the busiest times during  the year. While everyone tries to plan the travel arrangements, it is a popular time of the year for the viruses to spread easily. Especially Fourth of July has the highest computer risk because most people don’t like to update their anti-virus software because there are more fun things to outside.

When most people are in vacation, they would like to turn off their computers. When they get back, they tend to forget to update their anti-virus software. The computers that are not updated in a quite long time are in a serious risk. Therefore, it is highly recommended to update the anti-virus software before using the computer and scan the incoming emails before opening them.

Leaving the computer on is also not a good solution. It can create an excessive wear in mechanical circuits in the cooling fans and the hard drive motor. Frequently turning on and off the computer can also create problems in the motherboard circuits. These problems can be flexing and fatigue failure due to excessive temperature changes. It is a great practice to turn on the computer and turn it off at night or whenever you don’t use it. It is also highly recommended to clean inside the desktop to remove the dust that can create overheating in the system.

During the internet browsing, we are often exposed to pop-ups. These pop-ups can be dangerous and can lead us to a malicious website. Instead clicking the pop-ups, try close it by clicking X  mark on the upper right corner of the window. Some pop-ups can fool us by acting that they are cleaning or checking the spywares in our computer. They are often malicious and it is recommended not to click those pop-ups as well.

For better computer security and safe internet browsing, you can visit CleanPC.org for more information.

As we used computers in almost everywhere in our daily lives, many of us would like to keep our computer safe and keep running with maximum performance. Making computers clean and running with best performance is not difficult if you follow these tips:

1- Update your anti-virus software. Make sure that your computer is installed with a good anti-virus software to be less vulnerable for the viruses.
2- Keep your operating system up-to-date. Operating systems such as Windows often releases new security updates, better scripts to make sure that computers are safer to operate. To update your operating system, you can adjust your computer to update itself automatically. If you are running something very important, you can manually update your operating system to prevent the data loss.
3- Use anti-spyware software. Using a good anti-virus software is not enough to keep computer safe. You may need an anti-spyware software to detect and remove spywares, malwares and any malicious softwares for you.
4- Regularly delete temporary files that you download from internet. Every time you visit a webpage, your computer downloads the web pages and the files from the websites in order to display the site. Some of those files might be malicious your operating system, so it is important to clean the temporary files occasionally.
5- Check that website is safe to visit. Every time you search about something on the internet, search engines list the relevant websites and warn that some of those websites may contain malicious files and can harm your computer. It is important to pay attention the remarks from the search engines.
6- Uninstall the programs that you don’t use. Whenever you install a program, it creates a registry and uses some spaces in the hard disk. It may also tries to reload itself during the start-up so, it is important to uninstall the programs that you don’t use.
7- Be selective when you download a software from internet. It is a good rule of thumb you need to be wise when you download software from the internet. Especially using softwares without a license is a crime and you can have a trouble if you are caught. You can visit Cnet or download.com to make sure that the software has the good reputation among the other users.
8- Defrag your hard drive in every 6 months. Defragment is a process where the data on the disk is merged to a specific region in the disk and it allows the computer run faster. It is recommended to do a defragment at least in every 6 months.
9- Add more RAM if necessary. For better performance, it is always good to have more RAM in the computer. More RAM, the computer runs faster.
10- Cancel some of the extra features of the operating system that you think it is not necessary. It is possible to choose your operating system run faster instead of better visualization. With this way, you can have a better performance from the computer.
For better computer tips and suggestions, you can visit CleanPC.org for more information.